Rupal Kalebere and Commodore Sujeet Samaddar, NM (Retd)
In the maritime expanse that envelops the Indian subcontinent, the Indian Navy, with its rich maritime heritage, is embarking on a transformative journey in 2023. The pillars of self-reliance and modernization have become the guiding stars, propelling the Navy into a future marked by cutting-edge technologies, indigenous innovations, and strategic initiatives.
1. Indigenous Shipbuilding and Submarine Fleet
A bedrock of the Indian Navy’s self-reliance initiative is the indigenous construction of naval vessels, especially advanced submarines. The Kalvari-class submarines, a part of the Scorpene-class project, symbolize this commitment. Developed in collaboration with French shipbuilder Naval Group, these submarines assembled at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited are a testament to India’s growing prowess in submarine technology. This strategic shift toward building a homegrown submarine fleet not only reduces dependence on foreign suppliers but also underscores the Navy’s determination to foster a robust indigenous shipbuilding ecosystem.
2. Aircraft Carrier Development
At the heart of naval power projection, aircraft carriers stand as symbols of strategic capability. In 2023, the Indian Navy’s flagship is the INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenously built aircraft carrier. This ambitious project signifies not only a leap in India’s engineering prowess but also a significant stride towards achieving self-sufficiency in carrier-building capabilities. The INS Vikrant, as it takes to the seas, heralds a new era for India’s naval aviation capabilities, showcasing the Navy’s commitment to keeping pace with evolving geopolitical dynamics.
3. Surface Combatants and Stealth Frigates
The Indian Navy’s emphasis on self-reliance extends to the surface fleet, prominently featuring the Project 17A class of stealth frigates. Constructed under the ‘Make in India’ initiative, these frigates represent a synergy between domestic shipyards and global technologies. Outfitted with cutting-edge weaponry and sensor systems, these frigates symbolize India’s capabilities in designing and constructing complex naval vessels. The integration of indigenous technologies into these stealth frigates further exemplifies the Navy’s commitment to reducing dependence on foreign sources. The acquisition of 11 Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels and six Next Generation Missile Vessels at a Rs 19,600 crore, was signed with Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata at a total cost of Rs 9,781 crore.
4. Naval Aviation and Carrier-Borne Aircraft
The skies above the ocean are a domain of strategic importance, and the Indian Navy is bolstering its aviation capabilities with a focus on carrier-borne aircraft. The MiG-29K, designed to operate from the decks of aircraft carriers, is a prime example. The successful integration of these aircraft into naval operations not only enhances the Navy’s air superiority capabilities but also demonstrates India’s self-reliance in naval aviation. This marks a significant departure from previous practices, highlighting the Navy’s evolving approach to deploying advanced technologies in maritime air operations. The Navy has also zeroed down to the acquisition of 26 Rafael-M fighter aircraft for the Vikrant and Vikramaditya whilst the Twin Engine Deck Based Aircraft received a fillip with the possible availability of the GE – 414 engines or the SAFRAN engines.
5. Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Capabilities
In an era where submarine threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated, the Indian Navy’s commitment to anti-submarine warfare capabilities is paramount. The fleet of ASW corvettes, armed with advanced sonar systems and anti-submarine weaponry, is a critical component. Indigenous development and integration of ASW technologies ensure that the Navy remains at the forefront of countering underwater threats. This focus on indigenous ASW capabilities aligns with the Navy’s strategic vision of achieving comprehensive maritime superiority. Of the 24 MH-60R ASW helicopter from Lockheed Martin, 6 have already been added to the fleet with balance of deliveries due by 2025.
6. Naval Missile Systems
A formidable navy requires a potent missile arsenal, and the Indian Navy is investing in indigenous naval missile systems. The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, a joint venture between India and Russia, is a standout example. With its precision and versatility, the BrahMos provides the Navy with a versatile tool for both offensive and defensive operations. The collaborative nature of the BrahMos project represents a model for international cooperation in defense technologies, allowing India to leverage global expertise while advancing its indigenous capabilities in naval missile systems. An indigenously developed anti-ship missile known as the Naval Anti-ship Missile-Medium range (NASM-MR), which is a significant step toward self-reliance in niche missile technology, reaffirms the Indian Navy’s commitment to indigenisation.
7. Electronic Warfare and Communication Systems
In the age of digitized warfare, electronic warfare capabilities are indispensable. The Indian Navy’s investment in indigenous electronic warfare and communication systems ensures secure and effective naval operations. These systems, developed in collaboration with domestic defense research organizations, enhance the Navy’s situational awareness and communication resilience. By prioritizing the development of indigenous technologies in electronic warfare, the Navy reinforces its commitment to staying ahead in the rapidly evolving landscape of maritime digital warfare.
8. Underwater Domain Awareness
The underwater domain, often referred to as the “silent frontier,” is a focus area for naval operations. The Indian Navy’s emphasis on indigenous development of underwater surveillance and detection systems strengthens its awareness in submarine-rich environments. This capability is vital for safeguarding maritime interests and ensuring the security of sea lanes. The Navy’s investment in indigenous underwater domain awareness technologies showcases its commitment to achieving maritime dominance by addressing threats beneath the surface, where traditional surveillance methods are often challenged.
9. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
Beyond combat capabilities, the Indian Navy recognizes its role in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts. Amphibious warfare capabilities, including landing platform docks (LPDs) and amphibious assault ships, enhance the Navy’s ability to respond swiftly and effectively to natural disasters and crises, both domestically and internationally. The versatility of these platforms allows the Navy to not only project power in times of conflict but also provide crucial support in the aftermath of natural disasters, reaffirming its commitment to regional stability and well-being.
10. Cyber Security and Naval Networks
As naval operations become increasingly reliant on interconnected systems, the Indian Navy is placing a premium on cybersecurity. The protection of naval networks and systems from cyber threats is imperative for maintaining operational integrity and safeguarding sensitive information. Indigenous development of cybersecurity measures ensures that the Navy’s digital backbone remains secure. With the maritime domain becoming increasingly contested in the cyber realm, the Navy’s focus on securing its networks demonstrates a forward-looking approach to countering emerging threats and ensuring that its operations remain resilient in the face of cyber challenges.
11. International Collaboration and Naval Diplomacy
While self-reliance is a cornerstone, the Indian Navy also recognizes the importance of strategic collaborations and naval diplomacy. Joint exercises, training programs, and information sharing with friendly navies contribute to a collective effort in maintaining maritime security. Naval diplomacy is emerging as a crucial aspect of India’s engagement with the global maritime community. By fostering partnerships and participating in joint initiatives, the Navy not only contributes to regional stability but also learns from best practices, enabling it to stay abreast of evolving naval strategies and technologies worldwide.
12. Focus on Environmental Sustainability
Acknowledging the impact of naval activities on the environment, the Indian Navy is incorporating sustainable practices. From adopting greener technologies for propulsion systems to waste management initiatives, the Navy’s commitment to environmental sustainability aligns with global efforts to protect the oceans. As maritime awareness grows, the Navy’s emphasis on responsible and sustainable practices not only mitigates its environmental footprint but also sets an example for other maritime nations, emphasizing the need for balancing military readiness with ecological stewardship.
13. Training and Skill Development
A modern navy requires skilled and well-trained personnel. The Indian Navy’s emphasis on continuous training, skill development, and the use of simulators ensures that its personnel are equipped to handle the complexities of modern naval operations. Training institutions are evolving to keep pace with technological advancements. As naval operations become more intricate and technologically driven, investing in the human capital that propels these operations is crucial. The Navy’s commitment to continuous learning and skill enhancement positions it as a dynamic force, capable of adapting to the evolving nature of maritime challenges.
14. Inclusive Approach to Naval Innovation
Encouraging innovation within the naval ecosystem is crucial for staying ahead in the technological curve. The Indian Navy’s engagement with startups, academia, and the private sector fosters an inclusive approach to naval innovation, ensuring that fresh ideas and technologies are integrated into its modernization efforts. By tapping into the dynamic landscape of innovation outside traditional military channels, the Navy not only accelerates its technological advancements but also contributes to the broader national innovation ecosystem. This inclusive approach positions the Navy as a catalyst for technological progress, driving not only its own modernization but also contributing to the broader landscape of defense and maritime innovation in India.
The Indian Navy has truly leveraged the IDeX challange and the TDF for innovative projects from Start-ups and MSMEs. SPRINT (Supporting Pole-vaulting in R&D through iDEX, NIIO and TDAC) is a collaborative project between the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO) and NIIO which is aimed at developing atleast 75 indigenous technologies / products as a part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav. The challenges span across a wide range of niche technology fields including Artificial Intelligence (AI), autonomous and unmanned systems and Information Technology. More than 100 projects under the IDEX scheme – 25 under the TDF scheme, and 37 under the Make scheme have been progressed. SWAVLAMBAN 2.0, the Indian Navy’s indigenization plan, was unveiled by the Defense Minister on October 4, 2023, to act as a comprehensive reference document of all Indigenisation requirements of the Navy.
As the Indian Navy sets sail into the uncharted waters of the future, the journey is marked by a resolute commitment to self-reliance and modernization. The initiatives undertaken across various domains, from shipbuilding to cybersecurity, underscore a holistic vision aimed at securing India’s maritime interests and projecting naval power on the global stage. In 2023, the Indian Navy stands not just as a guardian of the seas but as a beacon of innovation, resilience, and self-sufficiency, charting a course towards a maritime future that is both powerful and sustainable.