Rupal Kalebere
The Indian Army’s journey towards self-reliance and modernization is a testament to India’s commitment to enhancing its defense capabilities. The 2023 journey encompasses a wide array of initiatives, from indigenization of equipment to modernization of operational tactics, bolstered by technological advancements and strategic partnerships.
1. Indigenization of Equipment and Weapon Systems:
A core aspect of self-reliance is the indigenization of equipment and weapon systems. The Indian Army has made significant strides in this domain, marked by several key projects and introductions:
- Dhanush Artillery Guns: Known as the ‘Desi Bofors,’ Dhanush artillery guns are a prime example of indigenization. Developed by the Ordnance Factory Board, these guns are an upgraded version of the Swedish Bofors gun, boasting a longer range and improved accuracy.
- Main Battle Tank Arjun: The Arjun MBT, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), is a significant step towards self-reliance in armored warfare. Although it faced initial teething issues, the Arjun MBT represents a considerable advancement in India’s tank technology.
- ATAGS (Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System): Developed by DRDO in collaboration with private sector partners, ATAGS is a modern artillery system tailored for the Indian Army’s requirements. It showcases the successful collaboration between defense research bodies and the private industry.
2. Modernization of Infantry Combat:
Modernization of the infantry, the backbone of the Indian Army, is critical for operational effectiveness. This involves not just weapon systems, but also combat gear and support systems:
- Modern Assault Rifles: The induction of SIG Sauer 716 and AK-203 rifles, part of an initiative to modernize the infantry’s small arms, significantly enhances the firepower and combat effectiveness of the frontline soldiers.
- Bulletproof Jackets and Helmets: The procurement of modern, lightweight bulletproof jackets and ballistic helmets, with improved protection levels, is a testament to the focus on soldier safety and operational efficiency.
3. Upgradation of Armored and Mechanized Forces:
The upgradation of armored and mechanized forces is a crucial aspect of the Indian Army’s modernization efforts:
- BMP-2 Infantry Combat Vehicles: The Army’s BMP-2 fleet is undergoing upgrades for enhanced firepower and survivability. This includes better armament and advanced night-fighting capabilities.
- Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) Program: Aimed at replacing the aging BMP-2 fleet, the FICV program is a significant endeavor to introduce modern mechanized platforms into the Army’s inventory.
4. Enhancing Artillery Capabilities:
The Indian Army has been focusing on enhancing its artillery capabilities, which play a critical role in modern warfare:
- K9 Vajra-T Howitzers: A result of India’s collaboration with South Korea, these self-propelled howitzers represent a significant boost in the Army’s artillery firepower. The localization of K9 Vajra manufacturing is a step towards technology transfer and indigenization.
- Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL): The Pinaka MBRL, developed by DRDO, is an example of successful indigenous development of artillery systems. It significantly enhances the Army’s area-denial and area-interdiction capabilities.
5. Air Defence and Missile Systems:
Air defense is a critical component of modern military strategy, and the Indian Army has made noteworthy advancements in this domain:
- Akash Surface-to-Air Missile System: An indigenously developed missile system, Akash is designed to intercept enemy aircraft and missiles, significantly bolstering the Army’s air defense capability.
- Induction of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs): The development and induction of indigenous ATGMs like Nag and Dhruvastra (Helina) enhance the Army’s capabilities in armored warfare.
6. Modernization of Aviation Wing:
The Army Aviation Corps is undergoing modernization to enhance its operational capabilities:
- Induction of Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) and Light Combat Helicopters (LCH): Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), these helicopters are designed to meet the diverse requirements of the Army, from logistics and troop transport to combat roles.
- Apache Attack Helicopters. ‘The Hindu’ reported ‘The Army is gearing up to induct the first lot of AH-64E Apache attack helicopters from February 2024 onwards and will be deployed in the desert sector, while the bigger contract for 156 indigenous Light Combat Helicopters (LCH), 90 for the Army and 66 for the Indian Air Force, estimated to cost ₹45,000 crore, is expected to be taken up by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).
7. Network-Centric Warfare Capabilities:
Embracing network-centric warfare, the Indian Army is enhancing its communication and intelligence systems:
- Tactical Communication System (TCS): TCS, an indigenous project, aims to provide a mobile, secure, and robust communication network to frontline units, enhancing situational awareness and decision-making capabilities.
- Battlefield Management System (BMS): BMS is an ambitious project to integrate combat units through a digital network, providing a comprehensive picture of the battlefield and enabling coordinated operations.
8. Counter-Insurgency and Counter-Terrorism Operations:
The Army’s counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism capabilities have been bolstered through specialized equipment and training:
- Special Forces Modernization: The special forces units, crucial in counter-terrorism operations, have been equipped with specialized weaponry, surveillance gadgets, and protective gear to enhance their operational effectiveness.
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): The deployment of UAVs like the Israeli Heron and the indigenously developed Rustom for surveillance and reconnaissance has revolutionized the Army’s capabilities in counter-insurgency operations.
9. Cyber Warfare and Electronic Intelligence:
Recognizing the importance of cyber warfare, the Indian Army is building its capabilities in this domain:
- Cyber Warfare Units: The establishment of dedicated cyber warfare units reflects the Army’s focus on protecting critical infrastructure and communication networks from cyber threats.
- Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems: Indigenous development of EW systems like Samyukta and Sangraha enhances the Army’s capabilities in electronic intelligence and electronic countermeasures.
10. Logistics and Support Systems:
Modernization also extends to logistics and support systems, ensuring operational readiness and sustainability:
- Induction of High-Altitude Clothing and Gear: Specialized clothing and equipment for high-altitude operations, much of which is now indigenously produced, is critical for troops stationed in regions like Siachen and Ladakh.
- Modernization of Field Hospitals and Medical Equipment: The upgrade of medical facilities and equipment ensures better care for wounded soldiers and enhances the Army’s capabilities in field medicine.
11. Training and Human Resource Development:
Investments in training infrastructure and human resource development are vital for a modern army:
- Simulation-Based Training Systems: The use of advanced simulators for training in various warfare domains, from armored warfare to flight training, has improved the training effectiveness and readiness of the troops.
- Upgradation of Training Institutions: Premier institutions like the Indian Military Academy (IMA) and National Defence Academy (NDA) have upgraded their infrastructure and curriculum to keep pace with modern warfare requirements.
12. Environmental Initiatives:
The Army’s commitment to environmental sustainability is evident in its adoption of green initiatives:
- Solar Energy Projects: The installation of solar power plants in various cantonments and establishments reflects the Army’s commitment to renewable energy and reducing its carbon footprint.
13. Strategic Partnerships and Defence Diplomacy:
Strategic partnerships and defense diplomacy play a crucial role in the Army’s modernization:
- Joint Military Exercises: Regular exercises with foreign armies like Yudh Abhyas with the USA and Indra with Russia provide platforms for sharing best practices, training methodologies, and exposure to advanced tactics and technologies.
14. Research and Development Collaboration:
The collaboration with DRDO and other research organizations has been instrumental in the development of indigenous defense technologies:
- Joint Development Projects: Projects like the Arjun tank and Akash missile system showcase successful collaboration between the Army and defense research organizations.
In conclusion, the Indian Army’s pursuit of self-reliance and modernization is marked by a comprehensive approach encompassing indigenization, technological advancements, strategic collaborations, and capability enhancements. These initiatives collectively enhance the Army’s operational readiness and effectiveness, ensuring that it remains a robust, agile, and technologically advanced force, capable of addressing contemporary and future security challenges.